O priming semântico é um tipo de memória implícita que se caracteriza pelo efeito facilitador de um estímulo precedente no processamento de um estímulo posterior, causado pela relação semântica existente entre os dois. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar relações entre os efeitos de priming semânt..

The attempt to convene a discussion about childhood suggests a plurality of educative issues and raises important problems in the context of basic education. To recognize children in their specificity, and to engage and encounter them beyond the discourses produced about them seems to be a challenge today, most especially in the field of childhood education. The large majority of educational discourses assume a notion of childhood as inserted in chronological time, associated with the future, and constituting a doubtful minority. (...) The objective of this paper is to understand what significations and meanings are configuring the discursive practices maintained among teachers about the childhood.I start with the hypothesis that, despite the reconstitution of meaning that has occurred in the field, educators still associate the concept of childhood and its formation with the idea of becoming adult, and presume to explain the notion of childhood technically, in terms of a body of “scientific” knowledge. The research described here is based on an inquiry that took place in various Childhood Education Centers of the Public Municipal Network of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Although it is unfinished, this research, based on interviews, suggests that teacher discourses inhabit two discursive temporalities, and two childhoods: on the one side, the affirmation of the same, of unification, of linearity; on the other, the affirmation of difference, of novelty, of the singular. Although they enunciate different meanings for childhood, these meanings are not in themselves contradictory. They do, however, function in some way to maintain a form of schooling that lacks sensitivity to children and a more affirmative relationship to childhood in general, and which encloses itself in an adult vision of what children’s needs might be the. I try to show that those needs exceed the specificity of the teaching and learning typically encountered in schools, and to evaluate to what extent they are affirmed by scholarly notions of childhood. (shrink)

A partir de uma revisão bibliográfica do século XVIII, resgataremos elementos que estavam naraiz da concepção universalista de homem desse século, como pertencente ao continuum da natureza.Com recurso aos métodos da antropologia estrutural, analisaremos nosso objeto que está situado nosdomínios do pensamento científico do século XVIII. O principal objetivo consistirá em identificar erecuperar a influência de alguns “mitos” acerca de seres antropomorfos, recuperando a origem dealgumas representações gráficas desses seres. A partir de algumas fontes de Rousseau e seuscontemporâneos, esboçaremos algumas (...) versões desses mitos para, ao final, aplicarmos recursos a queLévi-Strauss recorreu diante de elementos sincrônicos e anacrônicos de sua análise do mitemas. (shrink)

This text is present as a snip of a set of reflexions that composes a dissertation that inserts itself in the current discussion around the place given to children and childhood in the space destined to childhood education in the city of Caruaru – PE, from the understanding of the teacher's discourses that work in that level of education. This work has as an objective to capture the discourses attributed by the teachers of Childhood Education to the children, to the (...) childhood and to the Childhood Education, focusing on the discourses which have subsidized the teachers’ forms of intervention in the space/time of Childhood Education. In this context, we have bound as our investigative field Municipal Centers of Childhood Education in the city of Caruaru – PE (CMEIS), from which it were contemplated 06 Educational Centers and interviewed a total of 12 (twelve) teachers. As a methodological procedure, we used semistructured interviews and for data analysis we supported ourselves in theoretical-methodological contributions of the discourse analysis. We start with the assumption that, despite the changes and the proccess of resignification ocurred in this field, including the own understanding of child, childhood and Childhood Education, the school of the children/childhood is assuming a link with the childhood that inserts it in a chronological time, associating it to the future, to a dubious minority. From a theoretical view, we start from the questioning of the very notion of childhood and Childhood Education, its meanings and the implications of those in the field of child education. The analyzed discourses, distributed in discoursive networks, generally speaking, present various statements and temporalities to the childhood, the child and the Childhood Education, but not excluding ones. Although in all the discourses is possible to identify an enlargement of the concern with tha place of the child, the childhood in the practices of Childhood Education, it shows evidences of permanence so as of changes in the form of discourse to the child, the childhood and, consequently, the Childhood Education. The data, therefore, express a diversity of meanings and interpretations, but indicates how much the school and its subjects still lack of a more assertive relationship with the child and the childhood. (shrink)

The members of the International Network for the Analysis of Intergenerational Relations (Generationes) proudly present the most recent issue of the jointly produced compendium “Generations, Intergenerational Relations and Generational Policy”. This new version includes seven languages (English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish (New) and Portuguese (New)). Its layout is designed for using it to translate the specific concepts and terminology of research into generations and intergenerational relations from one language into another.

K. Lüscher, M. Sánchez, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 12 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2016, 300pp.

K. Lüscher, M. Sánchez, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 12 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2016, 300pp.

K. Lüscher, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 17 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2017, 428pp. TS - BibTeX M4 - Citavi.

K. Lüscher, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 17 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2017, 428pp. TS - BibTeX M4 - Citavi.

K. Lüscher, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 17 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2017, 428pp. TS - BibTeX M4 - Citavi.

K. Lüscher, M. Sánchez, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 12 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2016, 300pp.

K. Lüscher, M. Sánchez, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 12 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2016, 300pp.

K. Lüscher, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 17 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2017, 428pp. TS - BibTeX M4 - Citavi.

K. Lüscher, M. Sánchez, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 12 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2016, 300pp.

K. Lüscher, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 17 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2017, 428pp. TS - BibTeX M4 - Citavi.

K. Lüscher, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 17 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2017, 428pp. TS - BibTeX M4 - Citavi.

K. Lüscher, M. Sánchez, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 12 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2016, 300pp.

K. Lüscher, M. Sánchez, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 12 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2016, 300pp.

K. Lüscher, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 17 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2017, 428pp. TS - BibTeX M4 - Citavi.

K. Lüscher, M. Sánchez, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 12 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2016, 300pp.

K. Lüscher, M. Sánchez, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 12 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2016, 300pp.

K. Lüscher, M. Sánchez, A. Klimczuk, Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: A multilingual compendium, 12 languages, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz 2016, 300pp.

The members of the International Network for the Analysis of Intergenerational Relations (Generationes) proudly present the most recent issue of the jointly produced compendium “Generations, Intergenerational Relations and Generational Policy”. This new version includes seven languages (English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish (New) and Portuguese (New)). Its layout is designed for using it to translate the specific concepts and terminology of research into generations and intergenerational relations from one language into another. -/- .

In the first part of the article the author explains the importance of Peirce's reflection about the index as a crucial point of the reformulation of his entire philosophical system that took place around 1885. Then he examines the role of the index in Peircean semiotics and linguistics, where the index clearly shows -in spite of the difficulties deriving from Peirce's acceptance of some Kantian gnoseological thesis- the necessary and close connexion between language and reality.

Este trabajo intenta resolver una tensión que existe en el modo en que Aristóteles concibe el apeiron de Anaximandro, la substancia a partir de la cual se genera el cosmos. En algunas partes del corpus, Aristóteles la presenta como un cuerpo básico que genera el cosmos por medio de un cambio de sus cualidades, pero en otras como un cuerpo compuesto de substancias básicas que el cual generaría el cosmos cuando éstas se separan la una de la otra. Como veremos, (...) sin embargo, sólo este segundo modelo es el que Aristóteles realmente le atribuye a Anaximandro. Al final, se propone una hipótesis respecto de quién podría ser entonces la persona, o grupo de personas, que Aristóteles tiene en mente cuando se refiere al primer modelo. (shrink)

Ruy Perez Tamayo, Rubén Lisker, and Ricardo Tapia, La Construcción de la Bioética, Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2007, reviewed by Arleen L. F. Salles.

Um pedaço de barro solta-se de um grande barranco, formando por coincidência, e ao mesmo tempo, uma estátua de Machado de Assis. Três dias depois a estátua é completamente destruída; ao ser atingida por um machado ela se parte em vários pedaços. Chega ao fim, então, a existência tanto da estátua como do pedaço de barro da qual ela é feita. Notemos que ambos vieram a existir ao mesmo tempo e também ao mesmo tempo deixaram de existir. No período de (...) tempo que existiram tudo o que aconteceu a uma aconteceu a outra. Allan Gibbard acredita que com um exemplo deste tipo pode nos dar um caso de identidade contingente. No artigo “Contingent Identity” ele tenta mostrar a plausibilidade de um caso onde uma estátua s é igual ao pedaço de barro c e, no entanto, é possível que ambos existam e s seja diferente de c. Com isto ele pretende atacar algumas noções de Kripke sobre coisas concretas e nomes próprios. (shrink)

Cet article est consacré aux emplois dits « génériques » des pronoms de deuxième personne _tu_ et _vous_, emplois dans lesquels ils peuvent concurrencer certains emplois indéfinis du pronom _on. _Selon certaines analyses, en particulier celles qui font valoir une restructuration du système pronominal français, _tu_ et _vous_ apparaissent comme de simples équivalents de _on_. Selon d’autres analyses, au contraire, le choix de _tu_ ou _vous_ à la place de _on_ n’est pas arbitraire et _tu_ et _vous_ génériques conservent une (...) valeur d’interpellation de l’interlocuteur ou de l’interlocutrice. Nous tenterons de montrer que _tu_ et _vous_ génériques, bien qu’ils ne correspondent pas nécessairement au pronom d’adresse utilisé (notamment _tu_ générique, qui peut être utilisé en contexte de vouvoiement) et qu’ils puissent être indifférents au statut de l’interlocuteur ou de l’interlocutrice (genre ou nombre de celui-/celle-ci, ceux-/celles-ci), conservent bien une valeur d’adresse. (shrink)

Este artigo é fruto da pesquisa intitulada “O processo de encaminhamento e acolhimento no Asilo de Expostos da Santa Casa de Misericórdia da Bahia: um estudo sobre as origens dos enjeitados e as causas do abandono dos órfãos (1889- 1927).” Dentre os autores que fundamentam a presente pesquisa, destacamos Moncorvo Filho, Russel-Wood, Rizzini, Marcílio, estes autores comentam sobre momentos e pessoas ímpares relacionados à história da infância. O objetivo é analisar aspectos da história da assistência à infância no Brasil, a (...) partir da perspectiva de um dos médicos higienistas que mais se dedicou ao estudo da infância – Carlos Artur Moncorvo Filho (1871-1944). A fonte utilizada é o livro Histórico à Infancia no Brasil (1500-1922), publicado no ano de 1926. Considerado precursor das políticas de proteção à infância no Brasil, durante sua longa carreira como médico, iniciada na década de 1880, Carlos Artur Moncorvo Filho (1871-1944) publicou quase 400 obras em defesa da infância que lhe valeram reconhecimento internacional. Essa análise busca, basicamente, expor parte da narrativa do Dr. Carlos Artur Moncorvo Filho que já havia, então, publicado Higiene Infantil, em 1917, e Formulário de Doenças das Creanças, em 1923, considerados como obras de referência para a história da pediatria no Brasil. (shrink)

edited by Tuija Takala and Matti Häyry, welcomes contributions on the conceptual and theoretical dimensions of bioethics.

Recently, some have proposed moral bioenhancement as a solution to the serious moral evils that humans face. Seemingly disillusioned with traditional methods of moral education, proponents of bioenhancement believe that we should pursue and apply biotechnological means to morally enhance human beings. Such proposal has generated a lively debate about the permissibility of moral bioenhancement. We argue here that such debate is specious. The claim that moral bioenhancement is a solution - whether permissible or not - to the serious moral (...) problems that affect human beings is based on several problematic framing assumptions. We evaluate here three of such assumptions: the first rests on a contested understanding of morality, the second consist in a mistaken conception of human moral problems, and the third relates to problematic presuppositions grounding the interpretation of existent scientific evidence presented to defend moral bioenhancement. Once these framing assumptions are identified and critically evaluated, it becomes clear that the moral bioenhancement debate is misguided. (shrink)

ABSTRACT By defending the general thesis that “private vices” were indispensable to obtaining “public benefits,” Bernard Mandeville’s The Fable of the Bees provoked outraged reactions and earned its author the reputation of an enemy of virtue. Among the criticisms made against him, the one according to which he had cunningly used a rigorist conception of virtue to demonstrate the impossibility of any genuinely virtuous action stands out. Taking this criticism as a motto and trying to see to what extent it (...) can be pertinent or not, this paper intends to examine the thesis contained in the subtitle of the Fable considering the philosophical project in which it is inserted: that of an “anatomy of the invisible part of man”. From there, we hope it will be possible to indicate what questions The Fable of the Bees aims to answer and how it does answer them, what place it holds for morality, as well as which are the consequences of the Mandevillian critique of morals. (shrink)

El principal objetivo de este artículo es estudiar la respuesta de Aristóteles y del estoico Crisipo a un problema metafísico que ha sido descuidado en estudios recientes de la filosofía natural antigua. El problema se refiere a la generación de los llamados cuerpos homogéneos complejos. Si, como so..

Este artigo é uma introdução crítica ao problema da vagueza. Não vou explicar ou avaliar as teorias da vagueza aqui. Meu objetivo é introduzir e discutir o próprio problema, com o intuito de alcançar uma formulação clara do mesmo. Minha formulação tornará claro quais condições uma teoria ideal da vagueza deveria satisfazer, assim como os principais obstáculos para desenvolver teorias que satisfaçam estas condições.

O objetivo deste texto é, primeiramente, expor os contornos gerais as críticas deDavid Hume ao que o filósofo escocês chamou epicurismo moderno. Trata-se das filosofiasde Hobbes e de seus supostos epígonos, que, aos olhos de Hume, elegeram o amor própriocomo origem fundamental de nossas ações e juízos. Num segundo momento, trata-se dedelinear o lugar central do conceito de simpatia nesta crítica, bem como na constituiçãoda moral humeana.

Résumé La théorie orthodoxe de l’économie a fait l’erreur de supposer implicitement que le marché du travail pouvait être analysé sur les bases habituelles d’un marché de biens et de services. Le travail n’est pas une marchandise puisque par nature il n’est pas solvable, et qu’il ne le devient qu’à travers la disponibilité au travail qui permet au travailleur de définir une demande solvable. En fonction du rapport entre activité de travail et être humain (degré d’aliénation), la solvabilité du travail (...) devient plus ou moins apparente et son caractère de chantage plus ou moins fort. L’analyse des caractéristiques qui aujourd’hui définissent la prestation de travail dans le cadre du capitalisme cognitif oblige à développer un nouveau paradigme théorique : celui de la bioéconomie. La distinction classique entre production et reproduction, consommation et production, temps de vie et temps de travail / production tend à perdre de sa pertinence. Dans le contexte bioéconomique, le travail devient de plus en plus un bien commun et social. Il en découle alors que la « juste rémunération » des facteurs productifs est la rémunération de la vie (autrement dit un revenu d’existence) puisque le plus important input productif est désormais la vie. Il faut marier l’analyse théorique à l’observation des réalités pour comprendre dans quelle mesure la tendance cognitive du capitalisme peut faire l’objet d’une mesure à l’intérieur des lieux de la production. (shrink)

Evans famosamente declarou que Frege não aceitou a possibilidade de sentido sem referente, o que significa que ele não foi tão tolerante com nomes vazios quanto comumente se pensa. Um problema central para a tese de Evans é que Frege diz explicitamente que aceita esta possibilidade, e parece que ele de fato foi tolerante com nomes vazios. Neste artigo, defendo que a solução de Evans para este problema implica que Frege estava comprometido com uma explicação implausível das frases contendo nomes (...) vazios. (shrink)

T. A. Heinrichs sustentou que a análise de Hobbes da experiência e do pensamento dá origem a um aparente paradoxo. O paradoxo consiste no fato de que Hobbes teria reivindicado descobertas que a sua teoria implica que não poderiam ser feitas. Para resolver o problema, Heinrichs argumenta que a teoria hobbesiana da experiência e pensamento deveria ser interpretada com base em sua teoria da linguagem, no sentido forte de que suas descobertas são de fato descobertas sobre a linguagem. Neste artigo (...) será defendido, contra Heinrichs, que a interpretação mais plausível é que Hobbes baseou sua análise da linguagem em sua analise do pensamento e experiência. Portanto, a solução de Heinrichs para o paradoxo deve ser rejeitada. (shrink)

Neste texto, procuro encontrar as origens de um dos mais importantes conceitos de Gilles Deleuze, o conceito de Imagem-tempo. Este conceito remete-nos para os primeiros textos de Deleuze dedicados à filosofia de Espinosa e ao problema do autómato espiritual e relaciona-se directamente com o problema da passividade/actividade do espectador. Ou seja, o conceito crucial na sua filosofia do cinema, a Imagem-tempo, esconde uma importante reflexão sobre a Imagem cinematográfica como arte de massas, os (im)poderes do pensamento e o modo fascista (...) de se pensar. This text seeks to find the origins of one of the most important of Gilles Deleuze's concepts, the concept of Time-image. This concept leads us to his first texts regarding Spinoza's philosophy and the problem of the spiritual automaton, and concerns directly with the problem of passivity/activity of the film goer. That is to say that the crucial concept of his film philosophy, Time-image, hides a fundamental consideration on the cinematic image as a mass art, the (un)powers of thinking and the fascist way of thought. (shrink)

Este artigo trata de três objeções à teoria do propósito. Essa teoria afirma que o único sentido que a nossa vida pode ter é satisfazer um propósito que Deus nos atribuiu. A primeira objeção que trabalharei afirma que seria incompatível com a bondade de Deus que Ele nos punisse por não cumprirmos o seu propósito. A segunda sugere que a oferta de um céu por cumprirmos o seu propósito seria ofensiva, poderia ser encarada como exploração. Por fim, a última é (...) a acusação feita por Kurt Baier de que o próprio fato de Deus nos atribuir um propósito seria ofensivo. Metz responde a essas três acusações em seu artigo "Poderá o propósito de Deus ser a única fonte de sentido para a vida?" acreditando escapar dessas acusações. Meu objetivo é mostrar que, embora Metz escape das duas primeiras, sua resposta ao argumento de Baier leva-o a ter que aceitar que Deus é injusto. (shrink)

There is a growing resurgence in the study of psychedelic medicines for the treatment of mental health and substance use disorders. However, certain early investigations are marred by questionable research methods, abuses against research participants, and covert Central Intelligence Agency financial involvement. The purpose of this study was to understand how and to what extent people of colour and other vulnerable populations, specifically, individuals who were incarcerated or incapacitated due to mental health issues, were exploited during the first wave of (...) psychedelic research in the USA. To do so, we reviewed available empirical publications according to current ethical standards. Variables of interest included race and ethnicity of participants, population vulnerability, drug administration conditions, informed consent and undue influence. Our findings draw attention to the history of research abuses against people of colour in Western psychedelic research. In light of these findings, we urge a call-to-action to current psychedelic researchers to prioritise culturally inclusive and socially responsible research methods in current and future studies. All data relevant to the study are included in the article. (shrink)